Hemostatic tissue tunnel generator for inserting treatment apparatus into tissue of a patient

ABSTRACT

A catheter for insertion into and treatment of tissue in a patient comprises a radio frequency (RF) electrode having an elongated body that conducts electrical RF energy to a conductive tip. An insulating sleeve surrounds the elongated body. In a first mode of operation, the conductive tip is exposed outside the insulating sleeve and the RF electrode delivers RF energy that erodes the tissue of the patient and creates a tunnel through which the catheter can advance into the tissue of the patient. In a second mode of operation, the insulating sleeve and/or the RF electrode is retracted and a second treatment apparatus treats the tissue.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/938,748 filed Nov. 7, 2007, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Medical technology has made various attempts to treat internal pathologies such as uterine fibroid tumors, cervical neoplasia and HPV lesions, prostate hyperplasia or cancer, liver cancer, malignant bone and soft tissue sarcoma, and other tissue pathologies. In some instances, rigid needle systems have been devised for purposes of mechanically penetrating tissue and delivering treatment to the tissue. Such systems, however, are difficult to use, particularly when tortuous paths must be followed to reach the target tissue and when the tissue to be treated is resistant to entry of such needles. What is needed is a delivery system for a flexible catheter that can penetrate and destroy tissue masses or tumors of variable size and hardness.

SUMMARY

Described herein are various embodiments of an integrated multi-purpose catheter configured for insertion into tissue of a patient for treatment of the tissue. In at least one embodiment, the catheter comprises a radio frequency (RF) electrode and an insulating sleeve. The RF electrode has an elongated body configured to conduct electrical RF energy to a conductive tip at a distal end of the elongated body. The insulating sleeve surrounds the elongated body to suppress inadvertent shunting of RF energy from the elongated body when the catheter is being inserted into the patient's tissue.

In a first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter into the tissue of a patient, the conductive tip of the RF electrode is exposed outside the insulating sleeve. The RF electrode is configured to deliver, via the conductive tip, RF energy capable of producing sparks that erode the tissue of the patient and create a tunnel through which the catheter can advance into the tissue of the patient.

In a second mode of operation for treatment of the tissue in the patient, the insulating sleeve is retractable to expose a portion of the RF electrode between the conductive tip and the insulating sleeve. The RF electrode thereafter conducts non-sparking RF energy to the tissue in the patient. The non-sparking RF energy is able to heat the tissue surrounding the RF electrode to necrotize the tissue.

The insulating sleeve may be adjustably retracted to expose a desired portion of the RF electrode in accordance with a desired volume of tissue to be necrotized. Generally speaking, exposing a larger portion of the RF electrode will produce a greater volume of tissue destruction, while exposing a smaller portion of the RF electrode will produce a smaller volume of tissue destruction.

In combination with, or separate from, the features described above, the catheter may further comprise a visualization apparatus that is operable to visualize the tissue surrounding the RF electrode. For example, in one embodiment, ultrasound imaging may be used. Visualization of the surrounding tissue can be used to determine the amount of the RF electrode to expose when retracting the insulating sleeve. Alternatively, or in addition, the visualization apparatus may be used to observe treatment-induced changes, such as bubbles, in the heated tissue to track the progression of treatment of the tissue.

In combination with, or separate from, the features described above, the catheter may further comprise a lumen configured to deliver a biocompatible electrically-resistant fluid that fills a volume around the RF electrode within the insulating sleeve when the catheter is in the first mode of operation.

Likewise, in combination with, or separate from, the features described above, the catheter may further comprise a lumen configured to deliver a biocompatible electrically-conductive fluid that perfuses the tissue surrounding the exposed portion of the RF electrode. The electrically-conductive fluid, such as a hypertonic saline or other electrolyte, increases the electrical conductivity of the tissue and enhances the volume of the tissue that is necrotized when RF heating energy is applied in the second mode of operation. Alternatively, or in addition, the biocompatible fluid may comprise a thermally-activated chemical adjuvant configured to aid in necrotizing the tissue with reduced thermal dosage. The lumen may also be a multi-purpose lumen configured to selectively deliver both a biocompatible electrically-resistant fluid, as referenced above, in the first mode of operation, and a biocompatible electrically-conductive fluid, as referenced above, in the second mode of operation.

In addition, the catheter may further include a second lumen that is configured to conduct fluid away from the tissue of the patient. In cooperation with the second lumen, a conveyance mechanism such as a pump, syringe, auger, etc., may be used to help draw the fluid (including, possibly, debris) away from the tissue.

In combination with, or separate from, the features described above, the catheter may further comprise a lumen configured to deliver a debriding agent that degrades the necrotized tissue.

In combination with, or separate from, the features described above, the catheter may further comprise a sleeve electrode disposed on the insulating sleeve. In the second mode of operation, the insulating sleeve is retractable to expose a portion of the RF electrode between the conductive tip and the sleeve electrode. The RF electrode is configured to conduct electrical RF energy to or from the sleeve electrode through the surrounding tissue in the patient. If desired, the sleeve electrode may be switchable to a non-conducting state in which the sleeve electrode is electrically isolated from RF energy conducted by the RF electrode. By switching the sleeve electrode into a non-conducting state, the catheter may operate in a monopolar mode of delivering RF energy.

Further, if desired, a plurality of sleeve electrodes may be disposed on the insulating sleeve. In such an embodiment, when the catheter is in the second mode of operation, each of the sleeve electrodes may be configured to separately and selectively switch between a conducting state and a non-conducting state. In the conducting state, a sleeve electrode is configured to conduct the RF energy to or from the RF electrode. In a non-conducting state, the sleeve electrode is electrically isolated from the flow of RF energy.

In combination with, or separate from, the features described above, the catheter may further comprise one or more temperature sensors that are configured to sense the temperature of the surrounding tissue to guide the delivery of the RF energy when the catheter is in the second mode of operation.

The present application also describes a method for inserting a catheter as described above into tissue of a patient for treatment. The method, in at least one embodiment, includes positioning the insulating sleeve to expose the conductive tip of the RF electrode; delivering first RF energy to the conductive tip in a first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter into the tissue of the patient, wherein the first RF energy produces sparks that erode the tissue of the patient and creates a tunnel through which the catheter advances into the tissue of the patient; and while in a second mode of operation for treatment of the tissue of the patient, retracting the insulating sleeve to expose a portion of the RF electrode between the conductive tip and the insulating sleeve, and conducting second RF energy from the RF electrode to the tissue in the patient, wherein the second RF energy heats the tissue surrounding the RF electrode for necrotization of the tissue without producing sparks.

As described above, the insulating sleeve may be adjustably retracted to expose a desired portion of the RF electrode in accordance with a desired volume of the tissue to be heated for necrotization. The tissue surrounding the RF electrode may be visualized to determine the amount that the insulating sleeve should be retracted. The method may also comprise visualizing the tissue surrounding the RF electrode to track the progression of treatment by observing treatment-induced changes in the heated tissue.

Furthermore, as described above, a biocompatible electrically-resistant fluid, a biocompatible electrically-conductive fluid, a thermally-activated chemical adjuvant and/or a debriding agent may be delivered to the catheter and/or to the tissue of the patient.

In combination with, or separate from, the method elements described above, the method may additionally comprise withdrawing the catheter from the tissue that was treated in the second mode of operation and repeating a delivery of RF energy via the conductive tip. In this instance, the RF energy is used to precipitate shrinkage of the patient's tissue and/or produce an area of coagulation that seals the tunnel in the treated tissue. In one aspect, this seal may act to prevent the flow of fluids, such as a chemical adjuvant or debriding agent, out of the tunnel. If desired, the catheter may thereafter be reinserted into a different location in the patient's tissue and the treatment repeated, which may be advantageous when treating large fibroids or tumors.

A catheter as described herein may also be combined with a rigid guide for directing the catheter into the tissue of a patient. The guide has a hollow core that is sized to receive the catheter and allow the catheter to extend therethrough. Visualization apparatus is used to obtain an image of the tissue of the patient, wherein, in the first mode of operation, the catheter is extendable from a distal end of the guide into the tissue of the patient. Using RF sparking energy, the catheter creates a tunnel in the tissue of the patient in a direction determined by the position of the guide. Thereafter the catheter uses RF heating energy to treat a volume of tissue surrounding the catheter.

In accordance with another embodiment, an RF electrode and an insulating sleeve are used to create a tunnel or lumen into a tissue site to be treated. At least one of the RF electrode or the insulating sleeve is retracted from the tissue site and a second treatment apparatus is used to treat the tissue. If the insulating sleeve is fully retracted, the shaft of the RF electrode can be used as a guide wire to guide the second treatment apparatus to the treatment site. If the RF electrode is fully retracted, the remaining insulating sleeve can be used as a guide catheter to guide the second treatment apparatus to the treatment site. Examples of secondary treatment apparatus include a linear array of ultrasound transducers, an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers, a spherical ultrasound transducer, a liquid delivery/removal catheter, a microwave catheter and an RF loop.

In yet another embodiment, both the RF electrode and insulating sleeve can be fully retracted from the body leaving a tunnel or lumen that leads to the tissue site to be treated. A second treatment apparatus is routed through the tunnel to the tissue site.

It should be understood that the foregoing summary introduces only a selection of concepts in simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as they become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a catheter system including a catheter constructed in accordance with principles of the present invention;

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate a first mode of operation of the catheter for insertion of the catheter into tissue of the patient using RF sparking energy;

FIG. 3 illustrates a second mode of operation of the catheter in which an insulating sleeve has been retracted to expose a portion of the RF electrode for monopolar delivery of RF heating energy;

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an alternative embodiment of the catheter of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4C illustrates a cross section of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B;

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate another alternative embodiment of the catheter of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5C illustrates a cross section of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5B;

FIG. 6 illustrates a second mode of operation of the catheter in which the insulating sleeve has a sleeve electrode for bipolar delivery of RF heating energy;

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate a second mode of operation of the catheter in which the insulating sleeve has a plurality of sleeve electrodes for bipolar delivery of RF heating energy;

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate an ultrasound probe transporting a catheter of FIG. 1, wherein a deflection mechanism is selectively positioned to guide the trajectory of the catheter in the first mode of operation when the catheter is tunneling into the tissue of the patient;

FIG. 8C illustrates the catheter of FIGS. 8A and 8B in the second mode of operation where the ultrasound array of the probe is used to observe bubbles or vacuoles induced by the RF heating energy in the tissue being treated;

FIG. 9 illustrates the catheter of FIG. 8C in which the insulating sleeve is retracted a shorter distance for treating a smaller volume of tissue in the patient;

FIG. 10 illustrates a probe with a guide mounted thereon for receiving a catheter as described herein and directing the catheter into the tissue of a patient;

FIG. 11A illustrates an RF electrode that supports a linear array of ultrasound transducers for treating tissue;

FIG. 11B illustrates an RF electrode that supports an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers for treating tissue;

FIG. 11C illustrates an RF electrode that supports a spherical ultrasound transducer for treating tissue;

FIG. 11D illustrates an RF electrode with a shaft that includes one or more fluid delivery ports for delivering fluid to, or removing fluid from, a treatment area;

FIG. 11E illustrates a microwave catheter routed over an RF electrode for treating tissue;

FIG. 12A illustrates an insulating sleeve that is left in a treatment area while an RF electrode is retracted;

FIG. 12B illustrates a linear array of ultrasound transducers being inserted into the insulating sleeve after the RF electrode is fully retracted;

FIG. 12C illustrates an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers being inserted into the insulating sleeve after the RF electrode is retracted;

FIG. 12D illustrates a spherical ultrasound transducer being inserted into the insulating sleeve after the RF electrode is retracted;

FIG. 12E illustrates a fluid delivery/removal catheter being inserted into the insulating sleeve after the RF electrode is retracted;

FIG. 12F illustrates a microwave catheter being inserted into the insulating sleeve after the RF electrode is retracted;

FIG. 12G illustrates an insulating sleeve being retracted over a linear array of ultrasound transducers;

FIG. 13A illustrates an insulating sleeve being retracted over an RF electrode;

FIG. 13B illustrates a linear array of ultrasound transducers being routed over an RF electrode into a tissue treatment site;

FIG. 13C illustrates an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers being routed over an RF electrode to a tissue treatment site

FIG. 13D illustrates a spherical ultrasound transducer being routed over an RF electrode to a tissue treatment site;

FIG. 13E illustrates a fluid delivery/removal catheter being routed over an RF electrode to a tissue treatment site;

FIG. 13F illustrates a microwave catheter being routed over an RF electrode to a tissue treatment site;

FIG. 14A illustrates an RF electrode and insulating sleeve being retracted from a treatment site;

FIG. 14B illustrates a linear array of ultrasound transducers being routed to a tissue treatment site through a tunnel created in the tissue by an RF electrode;

FIG. 14C illustrates an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers being routed to a tissue treatment site through a tunnel created in the tissue by an RF electrode;

FIG. 14D illustrates a spherical ultrasound transducer being routed to a tissue treatment site through a tunnel created in the tissue by an RF electrode;

FIG. 14E illustrates a fluid delivery/removal catheter being routed to a tissue treatment site through a tunnel created in the tissue by an RF electrode; and

FIG. 14F illustrates a microwave catheter being routed to a tissue treatment site through a tunnel created in the tissue by an RF electrode;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As will be appreciated from the description herein, various implementations of a catheter can be used to penetrate tissue of a patient for treating various internal pathologies of the patient. Minimally-invasive surgery may thus be conducted in various parts of a patient's body.

In particular, the implementations described herein facilitate the insertion of a catheter through a cavity or tunnel that is created in the patient's tissue to reach intended target tissue for treatment. These implementations of a catheter can be applied to any part of the patient's body. As may be appropriate, the catheter may initially be inserted percutaneously, or alternatively the catheter may be transported through existing body orifices and cavities. Endoscopes, laparoscopes, transport catheters or probes can be employed to position the catheter near the tissue to be treated. For example, for treatment of a uterine fibroid, an implementation of a catheter as described herein may be transported transvaginally to a position in the vaginal or uterine cavity, after which the catheter is directed toward the tissue to be treated. For purposes of illustration, the implementations herein are shown and discussed in the context of using radio frequency (RF) energy for treatment of tissue in the patient, though other energy delivery systems, modalities, and therapies may be used to accomplish the desired treatment.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a catheter system 10 that includes an implementation of a catheter 12 configured for insertion into tissue of a patient for treatment. The catheter 12 includes a radio frequency (RF) electrode 14 having an elongated body 16 and a conductive tip 18 at a distal end of the elongated body 16. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the elongated body 16 is configured to conduct electrical RF energy to the conductive tip 18, particularly when tunneling through the patient's tissue to reach intended target tissue for treatment. This particular embodiment further includes a ceramic insulator 19 in the form of a washer around the elongated body 16 and adjacent the conductive tip 18. The insulator 19 may be constructed of other insulative materials or may be omitted entirely, depending on the particular implementation of the catheter 12.

Surrounding the elongated body 16 is a hollow core insulating sleeve 20. The elongated body 16 extends axially through the interior of the insulating sleeve 20. The insulating sleeve 20 is configured to prevent electrical RF energy conducted by the elongated body 16 from being inadvertently transmitted by the elongated body 16 to the tissue of the patient surrounding the elongated body 16 when the catheter 12 is being inserted into the tissue of the patient. The dimensions of the insulating sleeve 20 may vary according to the particular implementation of the catheter 12, particularly in relation to the elongated body 16 of the RF electrode 14. For convenience of illustration, FIG. 1 depicts a volume of space separating the RF electrode 14 and the sleeve 20. In one or more actual implementations of the catheter 12, the volume of space may be much smaller or possibly larger if appropriate.

As further depicted in FIG. 1, a proximal end 22 of the elongated body 16 may be covered by an insulating material, such as, but not limited to, enamel, varnish, heat shrink tubing, etc. At the distal end of the elongated body 16, a portion 24 of the RF electrode 14 is not covered by the insulating material that covers the proximal end 22 of the RF electrode. In one embodiment, the distal portion 24 may measure 3-4 cm in length, for example, depending on the particular form of the RF electrode 14 that is being used. Unlike the insulating material covering the proximal end 22 of the RF electrode 14, which is fixed relative to the RF electrode, the insulating sleeve 20 is retractable to expose some or all of the portion 24 of the RF electrode 14 to tissue of the patient.

In an embodiment as depicted in FIG. 1, the catheter 12 may include a handle 26 that includes a retracting mechanism 28 connected to the insulating sleeve 20. In this particular configuration, the retracting mechanism 28 is mechanically connected to the insulating sleeve 20 such that, as the retracting mechanism 28 is drawn back through a groove 30 in the handle, the insulating sleeve 20 is drawn inward into the interior of the handle 26, thus exposing the portion 24 of the RF electrode 14 at the distal end of the electrode. See, for example, FIGS. 3, 4B, 5B, 6, 7A, and 7B, as well as FIGS. 8C and 9. Markings adjacent to the groove 30 may be used to monitor the distance that the insulating sleeve 20 has been retracted. Of course, persons of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize other suitable mechanisms that may be used for retracting the insulating sleeve 20, which may include other controls such as dials, motors, pull wires, etc. As described herein, exposing the distal portion 24 of the RF electrode 14 allows for a variable volumetric destruction of tissue in the patient by delivering RF heating energy through a variable volume of tissue surrounding the distal end of the RF electrode 14. Such RF energy may be generated by a radio frequency (RF) signal generator 32 as shown in FIG. 1.

The catheter 12 is configured to operate in different modes of operation. In a preferred embodiment as described herein, the catheter 12 is configured to operate in a first mode and second mode of operation. Prior to discussing the different modes of operation of the catheter 12, it is helpful to first observe other features that may be included in the catheter system 10 as shown in FIG. 1. Along with delivering RF energy, the catheter 12 may be configured to deliver various fluids depending on the particular mode of operation of the catheter 12 and the status of the treatment being provided to the patient.

As indicated in FIG. 1, the catheter system 10 may include a source of electrically-resistant fluid 34, a source of electrically-conductive fluid 36, a source of a thermally-activated chemical adjuvant 38, and a source of a debriding agent 40. Each of these fluid sources is shown connected to a fluid connection interface 42 via respective tubes 44, 46, 48, and 50. As will be appreciated from the description herein, the fluid connection interface 42 may be configured to cause any one or combination of the fluids to be delivered from the sources 34, 36, 38, or 40, to a tube 52 that leads to the catheter 12. The fluid or fluids conveyed by the tube 52 are communicated through the handle 26 to a first lumen 54 that delivers the fluid(s) to the interior of the catheter 12. In a first mode of operation where the insulating sleeve 20 is fully extended to the tip 18 of the catheter 12, fluid delivered via the lumen 54 is contained within the insulating sleeve 20 and fills the volume around the RF electrode 14. See, e.g., FIGS. 4A and 5A. In a second mode of operation where the insulating sleeve 20 is retracted to expose a portion 24 of the RF electrode 14, the fluid delivered via the lumen 54 may flow outward from the catheter 12 and perfuse the tissue of the patient surrounding the exposed portion 24 of the RF electrode 14. See, e.g., FIGS. 4B and 5B.

During either the first or second mode of operation of the catheter 12, a return channel may be used to convey fluid away from the tissue of the patient. For that purpose, the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 further includes a second lumen 56. The second lumen 56 may be connected through the handle 26 to a return tube 58 connected to the fluid connection interface 42. In the embodiment shown, the return tube 58 is directly connected through the fluid connection interface 42 to a tube 60 that is coupled to a conveyance mechanism 62. A further tube 64 couples the conveyance mechanism 62 to a fluid reservoir 68 that receives and collects the return fluid flowing from the catheter 12.

The conveyance mechanism 62 is an optional feature, as are the fluid sources illustrated in FIG. 1. The conveyance mechanism 62 is shown in block form as it is intended to represent a wide variety of mechanisms that may be used to enhance the flow of fluids from the catheter 12. In at least one embodiment, the conveyance mechanism 62 may comprise a pump that applies a negative fluid pressure to the tubes 60 and 58, thus drawing fluids from the catheter 12 through the second lumen 56. In another embodiment, the conveyance mechanism 62 may comprise a stopcock and syringe that is operable to draw fluids back through the tubes 60 and 58. In this embodiment, the syringe may also comprise the fluid reservoir 68. In yet another embodiment, the conveyance mechanism 62 may comprise an auger or screw-shaped element. The auger or screw may extend axially through the tubes 60 and 58 and through the second lumen 56 into the catheter 12. By virtue of rotating the auger or screw, fluids as well as other debris may be drawn through the second lumen 56 and ultimately to the fluid reservoir 68. An auger or screw-shaped element of this type is particularly useful when the fluid being drawn from the catheter 12 further includes debris, such as necrotized tissue of the patient. Additionally, gases produced in the vicinity of the catheter 12 may be drawn through the second lumen 56 and the tubes 58, 60, 64 to the fluid reservoir 68. Where suction pressure to draw fluids from outside the catheter 12 is desired during the first operating mode, one or more ports (not shown) connected to the second lumen 56 may be provided on the outside of insulating sleeve 20.

It should be recognized that FIG. 1 illustrates only one embodiment of a catheter 12 that can be used to achieve various benefits of the present invention. Alternative or additional forms and features may be incorporated into other embodiments of the catheter 12, as will be seen in the figures and description that follow. The scope of the invention should therefore not be limited to the precise form of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

The catheter 12 is configured to use an electrical discharge from the tip 18 for ablating tissue of the patient to create a cavity or tunnel in the tissue through which the catheter 12 can advance into the tissue of the patient. By using an electrical discharge at a radio frequency, hazards from electric shock are minimized since radio frequency is above the neuromuscular threshold for reacting to such electrical discharge. Furthermore, by delivering RF energy at a magnitude that produces electric sparks, one is able to hemostatically ablate and penetrate hard or soft tissue at the tip 18 of the electrode 14. Provided that the tissue of the patient is electrically conductive and contains volatile elements such as water, the RF sparking energy causes a rapid and explosive expansion of water vapor bubbles, for example, when the RF sparks enter the tissue and cause heating at a microscopic level. Small pockets of steam in the intracellular or interstitial fluids cause rupture of the cells, thus permitting the electrode 14 to advance with greater ease into the tissue of the patient.

FIG. 2A illustrates a first mode of operation of the catheter 12 for insertion of the catheter 12 into tissue 70 of the patient. As shown, the conductive tip 18 of the RF electrode is exposed outside of the insulating sleeve 20. The RF electrode 14 is configured to deliver, via the conductive tip 18, first RF energy that is capable of producing sparks which erode the tissue 70 of the patient and create a tunnel through which the catheter 12 can advance into the tissue 70 of the patient. As further illustrated in FIG. 2A, the catheter 12 is shown tunneling toward a tissue mass 72 identified, in this example, as a tumor.

Proceeding to FIG. 2B, the catheter 12 is shown having penetrated the tissue 70 of the patient as well as the tumor 72. The length of the tunnel through which the catheter 12 is inserted is typically determined by the length of time that the RF spark discharge and forward forces are applied to the catheter 12. Typically, the tunnel extends nearly to the distal-most boundary of the tumor mass 72. Where appropriate, mechanical stops may be configured or programmed to prevent the catheter 12 from advancing farther than intended. This may avoid unwanted tissue penetration and tunneling of healthy tissue beyond the target tissue to be treated. External or internal gauges on the catheter 12 can help determine the distance that the catheter 12 has been inserted into the patient. Alternatively or in addition, ultrasonic imaging such as illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8C, may also be used to track the distance that the catheter 12 has been inserted into the tissue of the patient.

The sparking discharge illustrated in FIG. 2A is accomplished using monopolar delivery of RF sparking energy to the tissue 70. For monopolar delivery, a ground plate is positioned elsewhere on the patient in conductive connection with the skin of the patient. When RF sparking energy is applied, the eroding forces of the sparking discharge are most pronounced in the area concentrated around the tip 18 of the RF electrode. As the RF energy continues in various paths from the tip 18 through the body of the patient, the eroding force of the RF energy is quickly attenuated and thus does not damage tissue of the patient outside the immediate area of the tip electrode 18.

In this mode of operation, the insulating sleeve 20 is positioned adjacent the ceramic insulator 19 to insulate the elongated body 16 of the RF electrode 14 from the tissue of the patient. This minimizes any unintended leakage or shunting of RF energy from the elongated body 16 to the adjacent tissue of the patient. The RF sparking energy is thus concentrated at the tip 18 of the electrode 14.

Once the catheter 12 has tunneled through the tissue of the patient to the desired position in the tumor mass 72, the delivery of the RF sparking energy is terminated. The catheter 12 thereafter proceeds to a second mode of operation for treatment of the tumor mass 72 in the patient.

In the second mode of operation, the insulating sleeve 20 is retracted to expose a portion 24 of the RF electrode 14 between the conductive tip 18 and the insulating sleeve 20, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The RF electrode 14 is configured to conduct second RF energy to the tissue of the tumor mass 72 in the patient. The second RF energy is capable of heating the tissue 72 surrounding the RF electrode 14 for necrotization of the tissue without producing sparks. By using sparkless discharge of RF energy in the second mode of operation, heating of the surrounding tissue can lead to necrosis of a larger volume of tissue, typically after the temperature of the tissue has been raised above 45° C. A temperature sensor 76 may be positioned on the catheter 12 to monitor the temperature of the adjacent surrounding tissue. Monitoring the temperature may help guide the delivery of the RF heating energy for treatment. The sensor 76 may be a low-profile commercially-available temperature sensor affixed to the outside of the insulating sleeve 20. One or more additional temperature sensors could be added in alternate locations as appropriate to monitor the rise in temperature of surrounding tissue.

Persons having ordinary skill in electrode design will recognize that various materials, including memory metals, may be used to construct the RF electrode 14. One example of a surgical-grade material that is suitable for constructing the RF electrode is Nitinol. Nitinol is a superelastic memory alloy well known for its ability to bend around tight corners, yet retain its original form without fatigue or metallic yield.

In some cases, the conductive tip 18 and/or the body 16 of the RF electrode 14 may be coated with known materials or etched with known patterns to more easily observe the position of the RF electrode 14 in the patient via enhanced radiopacity or ultrasonic echogenicity, respectively. The tip 18 may be comprised of a thermally refractory metal alloy, such as platinum-iridium, for example, to reduce the erosion of the metal surface of the tip 18 when RF energy is delivered via the tip. At present, it is anticipated that the elongated body 16 of the RF electrode 14 may measure (in diameter) in the range of 0.004 to 0.060 inches in diameter. For example, an embodiment of the RF electrode 14 may be made of Nitinol having an outside diameter in the range of 0.010 inches in order to have adequate flexibility to turn corners, such as at a launch point as shown in FIG. 8B. Larger diameter electrode may be used in other embodiments, particularly if a coiled or braided configuration is used for the RF electrode 14, or alternatively if a hollow core conductor is used for the RF electrode 14 as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. In some aspects, larger diameter conductors offer better surface area for delivery of RF energy, as provided in the second mode of operation of the catheter 12.

FIG. 3 illustrates a monopolar delivery of the second RF energy, as illustrated pictorially by dashed lines 74. As previously discussed, when delivering RF energy in a monopolar mode to the patient, the RF energy follows various paths through the patient toward a patient plate positioned elsewhere in conductive connection to the patient. The density of the RF energy in the patient's tissue 72 is most concentrated near the RF electrode 14. Beyond the first few centimeters from the RF electrode 14, the density of the RF energy quickly decreases, thus leading to a decrease of the tissue heating caused by the RF energy. Because of this steep temperature gradient, the heating of the tissue 72 is generally confined to the volume of tissue surrounding the RF electrode 14.

After sufficient RF energy has been delivered to the tissue 72 to achieve the desired heating and necrotization of the tissue, the delivery of the second RF energy may be terminated, after which the catheter 12 may be withdrawn from the tissue of the patient. Normal body processes that break down the necrotized tissue, including the action of microphages, will eventually cause the necrotic tissue 72 to be eliminated and/or absorbed.

During the first mode of operation of the catheter 12 as illustrated in FIG. 2A, where a spark discharge is delivered from the conductive tip 18 and forward pressure is applied to the catheter 12, one or more non-conducting fluids may be delivered to the interior of the catheter 12 to help suppress leakage of electrical current from the elongated body 16 of the RF electrode 14. Inadvertent leakage or shunting of current from the elongated body 16 might reduce the effectiveness of the sparking energy at the tip 18. As depicted in FIG. 1, the first lumen 54 may be configured to deliver a biocompatible electrically-resistant fluid from the fluid source 34 to fill the volume within the insulating sleeve 20 around the RF electrode 14. Suppressing leakage current from the unexposed RF electrode 14 also prevents unintended damage to the tissue adjacent the elongated body 16 while the RF electrode 14 is tunneling into the tissue of the patient. Examples of electrically-resistant or non-conducting fluids that may be used in connection with the catheter 12 include such media as glycine, a sucrose or dextrose solution, sorbitol or mannitol.

After the catheter 12 has tunneled to a desired position in the patient, as shown in FIG. 2B, and the delivery of RF sparking energy has ceased, the electrically-resistant fluid within the catheter 12 may be evacuated using the second lumen 56 illustrated in FIG. 1 and deposited in the fluid reservoir 68. In one embodiment, a pump may be used to draw the electrically-resistant fluid out of the catheter 12. In another embodiment, a stopcock and syringe arrangement may be used to evacuate the electrically-resistant fluid. Alternatively, or in addition, another fluid, such as an electrically-conductive saline, may be used to flush out the electrically-resistant fluid.

The first lumen 54 and the second lumen 56 depicted in FIG. 1 represent only one possible embodiment in which lumens are configured to conduct fluid to and from the catheter 12. FIG. 4A illustrates an alternative embodiment of a catheter 12. In this embodiment, the catheter 12 has a conductive tip 18 and an insulating sleeve 20 much like the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 4A, the catheter 12 is shown in the first mode of operation where the insulating sleeve 12 is extended such that it directly abuts the ceramic insulator 19 adjacent to the conductive tip 18. A first lumen 80 is configured along the interior of the insulating sleeve 20, as shown in the cross section view in FIG. 4C. An open port in the side of the lumen 80 allows fluid flowing through the first lumen 80 to fill the interior of the catheter 12, as illustrated by arrows 82.

The embodiment in FIG. 4A further illustrates a second lumen 84 defined inside the insulating sleeve 20, as shown in cross section in FIG. 4C, for conducting fluid away from the catheter 12. An open port in the side of the second lumen 84 allows fluid within the interior of the catheter 12 to enter the lumen 84 as illustrated by arrow 86. A conveyance mechanism 62 as shown in FIG. 1 may be used to help draw fluids through the second lumen 84 away from the catheter 12 to the fluid reservoir 68.

FIG. 4B illustrates the embodiment of the catheter 12 shown in FIG. 4A, except in FIG. 4B, the catheter 12 is in the second mode of operation. Accordingly, the insulating sleeve 20 has been retracted to expose a portion 24 of the RF electrode 14 between the conductive tip 18 and the insulating sleeve 20. A fluid flowing through the first lumen 80 is capable of exiting the lumen 80 through the open port as illustrated by the arrow 82.

To help increase the size of the thermal lesion in the patient's tissue 72 (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 3), a lumen in the catheter 12 may be configured to deliver a biocompatible electrically-conductive fluid to the tissue 72. The fluid perfuses the tissue surrounding the exposed portion 24 of the RF electrode 14 to increase the electrical conductivity of the tissue and thereby enhance the volume of the tissue that is heated and ultimately necrotized. With respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, an electrically-conductive fluid, such as a hypertonic saline or concentrated electrolyte, which may include Ringer's solution, is delivered through the first lumen 80 to the interior of the catheter 12. Where the insulating sleeve 20 has been retracted, the conductive fluid flows outward into the surrounding tissue as illustrated by arrows 88. This administration of a biocompatible electrically-conductive fluid improves the range of tissue through which the RF heating energy may flow and expands the zone of tissue that reaches the threshold temperature for necrotization. One or more temperature sensors (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3) may be positioned on the catheter 12 to monitor the temperature of the adjacent tissue, which may help guide the delivery of the RF heating energy for treatment. For example, a low-profile commercially-available temperature sensor affixed to the outside of the insulating sleeve may report when the tissue adjacent to the catheter 12 has reached a necrotizing temperature.

If desired, the catheter 12 may be configured to conduct fluid away from the tissue surrounding the RF electrode 14 through the second lumen 84, as illustrated in FIG. 4B. Such fluid may flow, according to arrow 90, into an open port of the second lumen 84 and be conducted away from the tissue to the fluid reservoir 68 shown in FIG. 1. The fluid drawn through the second lumen 84 may include the electrically-conductive fluid delivered by the first lumen 80, as well as other fluids including intracellular fluids from the tissue that is broken down in the process of heating the tissue. Gases and tissue debris may also be drawn with the fluid through the second lumen 84. As noted earlier, a conveyance mechanism 62, such as an auger or screw that extends axially into the second lumen 84, may assist in conducting the fluids and debris away from the catheter 12.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate another alternative embodiment of a catheter 12 that may be used in treating tumor masses or other tissue pathologies in a patient. As with the catheter 12 shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the catheter 12 in FIGS. 5A and 5B includes an insulating sleeve 20 that surrounds the elongated body 16 of an RF electrode 14. During the first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter 12 into the tissue of the patient, the insulating sleeve 20 is in an extended position where it abuts the conductive tip 18. The RF electrode 14 conveys RF sparking energy to the conductive tip 18 which enables the catheter to penetrate the tissue and tunnel through the tissue to be treated. In contrast to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the embodiment in FIGS. 5A and 5B does not include a ceramic insulator 19.

As further depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, as well as in the cross section shown in FIG. 5C, a hollow channel within the RF electrode 14 provides a first lumen capable of delivering fluid to the catheter 12. During the first mode of operation, as shown in FIG. 5A, a biocompatible electrically-resistant fluid may flow through the RF electrode 14 and exit through open ports 92 into the interior of the insulating sleeve 20, as depicted by the arrows 94. The non-conducting fluid fills the volume around the RF electrode 14 within the insulating sleeve 20 and insulates the elongated body 16 when the catheter 12 is tunneling into the patient's tissue.

In the second mode of operation for treatment of tissue in the patient, as illustrated in FIG. 5B, the insulating sleeve 20 is retracted to expose a portion 24 of the RF electrode between the conductive tip 18 and the insulating sleeve 20. Fluid flowing through the RF electrode 14 may exit the ports 92 and, as depicted by the arrows 96, flow into the adjacent tissue to be treated. As previously described, in the second mode of operation, it may be advantageous to perfuse a concentrated saline or electrolyte into the surrounding tissue to enhance the electrical conductivity of the tissue and thus enhance production of a thermal lesion in the tissue.

In both FIGS. 5A and 5B, the insulating sleeve 20 may further be configured to act as a second lumen through which fluid may be conducted away from the tissue of the patient. A conveyance mechanism 62, as shown in FIG. 1, may be connected to the interior of the insulating sleeve 20 to draw fluid back toward the fluid reservoir 68, as indicated by arrow 98. This process of drawing fluid away from the catheter 12 may be conducted during either the first or second mode of operation, and may further conduct gases and debris away from the tissue being subjected to the RF energy.

As may be appreciated from the foregoing description, a multi-purpose lumen may be configured to deliver the electrically-resistive fluid 34 as well as the electrically-conductive fluid 36 to the catheter 12. The multi-purpose lumen may also be configured to conduct other types of fluid. For example, during or after the period in which the tissue of the patient is necrotized in the second mode of operation, the multi-purpose lumen may be configured to deliver a debriding agent from the source 40 shown in FIG. 1. Chemical debriding agents can assist in breaking down and dissipating necrotic tissue that results from the RF heating caused by the electrode 14. Chemical debridement typically employs enzymes or other compounds to dissolve necrotic tissue and is typically more selective than mechanical debridement. One example of an exogenous debriding enzyme is a bacterial collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum. Additional non-limiting examples of debriding enzymes include fibrinolysin, DNAse, and papain.

In yet another embodiment, a thermally-activated chemical adjuvant may be delivered separately or in connection with delivery of the electrically-conductive fluid that perfuses the tissue surrounding the RF electrode in the second mode of operation. A thermally-activated chemical adjuvant is configured to aid in necrotizing the tissue with reduced thermal dosage. For example, heat-sensitive liposomes or other heat-sensitive blood-borne vehicles may thus be used to deliver therapeutic agents of various types, e.g., antitumor agents, cytotoxic drugs, debriding enzymes, and/or wound-healing stimulants, when hyperthermia-inducing energy is applied to the target tissue. One example of a commercially-available, heat-activated liposome is available under the name ThermoDox from Celsion Corporation of Columbia, Md. Heat-sensitive liposomes may also be configured to carry proteins that either digest the necrotized tissue or induce the body's own immune response. The liposomes are prepared to release the proteins when a threshold temperature in the tissue is reached. This threshold temperature may be lower than the temperature required for destruction of the tissue by heating alone.

In some circumstances, to ensure the thermally-activated chemical adjuvant reaches the tissue to be treated, it may be appropriate to inject the chemical adjuvant into the patient's bloodstream which is circulated throughout the body. Alternatively, the thermally-activated chemical adjuvant may be injected directly into the targeted tissue. An implementation of a catheter 12 may include one or more needles that can be extended from the catheter during or after the RF tunneling is completed. The needles are preferably configured to deliver the thermally-activated chemical adjuvant to the tissue to be treated prior to delivery of the RF heating energy. Lower temperature treatment is advantageous in that it creates less thermally-fixed tissue which the body may not be able to reabsorb, and thus allows greater shrinkage of the treated tissue 72 post treatment.

FIG. 6 illustrates yet another embodiment of a catheter 12 that may be used to tunnel through tissue of a patient and treat a volume of tissue in the patient through heat-inducing RF energy. In contrast to the monopolar delivery of RF heating energy as shown in FIG. 3, FIG. 6 illustrates a bipolar delivery of RF energy to treat the tissue mass 72 of the patient. The catheter 12 includes a sleeve electrode 100 disposed on the insulating sleeve 20. In combination with the RF electrode 14, the sleeve electrode 100 provides an electrical path for RF energy to be conducted through the tissue 72. As depicted in FIG. 6, electric flux lines 102 extend between the RF electrode 14 and the sleeve electrode 100, representing appropriately the flow of electrical current. The sleeve electrode 100 may be electrically coupled through the catheter 12 to a radio frequency (RF) generator 32 as shown in FIG. 1 or to ground. Thus, in the second mode of operation, the RF electrode 14 is able to conduct the RF heating energy to or from the sleeve electrode 100 through the tissue 72 in the patient.

The RF generator 32 may be a dual-purpose generator configured to switchably deliver to the RF electrode 14 said first RF energy that is capable of producing sparks to erode the tissue near the tip 18 of the RF electrode and said second RF energy that is capable of heating the tissue surrounding the RF electrode 14 without producing sparks.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 6 may also be configured to operate alternately between a monopolar mode and bipolar mode for delivering RF energy through the tissue 72 of the patient. In a monopolar mode, the sleeve electrode 100 is electrically isolated from the flow of RF energy, thus causing RF energy from the RF electrode 14 to conduct through the patient toward a conductive plate placed elsewhere on the patient. In a bipolar mode, the sleeve electrode is electrically connected to the flow of RF energy and conducts the RF heating energy to or from the RF electrode 14 through the tissue 72 in the patient. The sleeve electrode 100 is switchable between conducting RF energy in the bipolar mode of operation and being electrically isolated in the monopolar mode of operation.

In still another embodiment, the catheter 12 may include a plurality of sleeve electrodes 104, 106 disposed on the insulating sleeve 20, as depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B. Like the sleeve electrode 100 described above, the sleeve electrodes 104, 106 may be electrically coupled through the catheter 12 to the radio frequency (RF) generator 32 shown in FIG. 1 or to ground. In this particular embodiment, when the catheter 12 is in the second mode of operation, each of the sleeve electrodes 104, 106 is configured to switch between a conducting state and a non-conducting state. Switching circuitry to switch the electrodes 104, 106 between the conducting and non-conducting states may be integrated locally within the electrodes 104, 106, or may be electrically connected to the sleeve electrodes 104, 106 from a remote location. When in the conducting state, a sleeve electrode 104 or 106 is configured to conduct the RF heating energy to or from the RF electrode 14. When in a non-conducting state, the sleeve electrode 104 or 106 is electrically isolated from the flow of RF energy.

In FIG. 7A, the sleeve electrode 104 has been switched into a conducting state while the sleeve electrode 106 is in a non-conducting state. Accordingly, as illustrated, electric flux lines 108 extend between the RF electrode 14 and the conducting sleeve electrode 104. The sleeve electrode 106 is electrically isolated.

In FIG. 7B, the sleeve electrode 104 is switched into the non-conducting state, while the sleeve electrode 106 is switched into the conducting state. Accordingly, electrical energy is conducted between the RF electrode 14 and the conducting sleeve electrode 106, as depicted by the electric flux lines 110 shown in FIG. 7B. The sleeve electrode 104 is electrically isolated.

In this manner, by switching the sleeve electrodes 104, 106 between a conducting state and a non-conducting state, a variable volume of tissue in the patient may be treated. In addition to controlling the volume of heated tissue, selective switching of the sleeve electrodes 104, 106 between the conducting and non-conducting states also provides control over the temperature of the heated tissue as the flow of electrical energy through the variable tissue volumes is controlled.

As can be appreciated from the foregoing discussion, the volume of tissue destruction in the tissue 72 being treated may be controlled via a number of factors which can be chosen by design. These factors include the shape and size of the RF electrode 14; the spacing of electrode elements such as the conductive tip 18, the exposed portion 24 of the RF electrode 14, and the sleeve electrodes 100 or 104, 106; the use of electrical conduction-enhancing fluids; the length of exposure of the tissue to RF heating energy; the magnitude of the RF heating energy; the suppression of convective flow through the tissue 72; the number of electrodes; the choice of monopolar or bipolar mode of energy delivery; and/or the choice of electrical waveform and duty cycle in delivering the RF energy to the tissue.

In the discussion above, the catheter 12 is shown directly tunneling through the patient's tissue 70 into the tumor mass 72. In further embodiments, the catheter 12 may be transported internal to the patient tissue by way of an additional transport mechanism, such as a probe with or without visualization apparatus. For example, FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C depict the delivery of a catheter 12 using a probe 120 with an integrated ultrasound transducer array 122. The transducer array 122 may be used to visualize the tissue to be treated. Once the probe 120 is properly positioned, the catheter 12 may be launched from an exit port in the probe 120 toward the tissue to be treated.

During initial delivery, as illustrated in FIG. 8A, the catheter 12 remains within the interior of the ultrasound probe 120 while the probe 120 is positioned near the tissue to be treated. To help position the probe 120 near the target tissue, separate visualization apparatus may be used to locate the tissue to be treated and place the probe 120 in an approximate nearby position. Such separate visualization apparatus may be an off-the-shelf ultrasound probe having a transducer array that provides a larger field of view relative to the transducer array 122 on the probe 120. Alternatively, the separate visualization apparatus may be a fluoroscope or other imaging apparatus capable of providing guidance for initial placement of the probe 120 relative to the tissue of the patient. In yet other circumstances where the catheter 12 is delivered directly without a transport mechanism such as the probe 120, visualization apparatus is still preferably used to guide the positioning of the catheter 12.

After placing the probe 120 in an approximate nearby position, the transducer array 122 on the probe 120 may be used to obtain a smaller but finer view of the tissue to be treated. With the finer imaging provided by the transducer array 122, the probe 120 can be properly positioned so that, when forward pressure is placed on the catheter 12, the catheter 12 will launch from the exit port of the probe 120 in the desired trajectory towards the tissue to be treated.

The exit port of the probe 120 may be placed within the transducer array 122, as depicted in FIG. 8A. Alternatively, from a manufacturing point of view, it may be better to position the exit port to the side of the transducer array 122 so as not to interrupt the layout of the array 122. The exit port may be placed either at the distal or proximal end of the transducer array 122.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 8A further depicts a deflecting mechanism 124 that redirects the catheter 12 from an axial to transverse trajectory relative to the probe 120 when the catheter 12 is advanced forward. The position of the deflector mechanism 124 may be fixed relative to the probe 120 so that the exit trajectory of the catheter 12 is always the same. In such an embodiment, the catheter 12 is directed out of the probe 120 in a desired direction by first placing the probe 120 in a desired position. If desired, pull wires may be connected to the distal end of the probe 120 to adjust the position of the probe after the probe has been inserted in the patient's body. The positioning of the probe 120 may be facilitated by providing one or more points of articulation in the probe 120. ATL/Philips of Bothell, Wash., for example, provides a steerable transesophageal probe that could be used as a basis for constructing the probe 120 and/or the catheter 12.

Alternatively, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A-8C, the position of the deflecting mechanism 124 is adjustable relative to the probe 120. The position of the deflecting mechanism 124 may be adjusted to direct the catheter 12 in a desired trajectory when the catheter 12 advances out of the probe 120 and tunnels through the tissue 70 toward the tissue to be treated. In the illustrated embodiment, the deflector mechanism 124 is connected to a stiff lead wire 126 that can be selectively pulled or pushed by an operator of the probe 120 to position the deflector mechanism 124 with a desired curve. Thereafter, when a forward pressure is applied to the catheter 12 and RF sparking energy is delivered, the deflector mechanism 124 will direct the catheter 12 into the tissue 70 of the patient along a desired trajectory, as illustrated in FIG. 8B.

In at least one embodiment, the catheter 12 is flexible yet stiff enough to stay on a straight course once launched out of the exit port and tunneling through the tissue of the patient. Alternatively, the catheter 12 is constructed with pull wires inside the insulating sleeve 20 that permit active steering of the tip 18 at the time of launch of the catheter 12, as well as later during the RF tunneling through the patient's tissue. Under the guidance of ultrasonic visualization, such active steering of the catheter tip 18 can be used to fine tune the trajectory of the catheter 12 as it approaches a tumor or lesion to be treated. This allows for midcourse corrections of the penetration of the catheter system if the original launch direction was incorrect.

As a further alternative to pull wires in the catheter 12, active steering of the tip 18 may be obtained by connecting a bi-metal strip to the tip 18. Where the metals forming the bi-metal strip have different thermal expansion coefficients, the curvature of the bi-metal strip may be controlled by controlling the temperature of the strip. Because the bi-metal strip is connected to the tip 18, the variable curvature of the strip may be used to actively steer the tip 18.

As previously described, in the first mode of operation of the catheter 12 shown in FIG. 8B, RF sparking energy is delivered to the conductive tip 18. The RF energy produces sparks that erode the tissue of the patient and creates a tunnel through with the catheter 12 advances into the tissue 70 of the patient. Visualization apparatus, such as the ultrasound transducer 122, can be used to visualize the tissue surrounding the RF electrode of the catheter 12. If desired, images produced by the visualization apparatus may include track lines that visually indicate where the catheter 12 is headed in the patient's tissue. Such track lines may be superposed on an image of the target tissue provided by the visualization apparatus to help ensure that the catheter reaches the intended position within the tissue to be treated. More recently, three-dimensional ultrasound imaging has been shown to be helpful in visualizing tissue and treatment in a patient. Three-dimensional imaging may help ensure the catheter 12 is directing the RF therapy to the proper tissue 72 in the patient.

The particular embodiment shown in FIG. 8B includes a linear array ultrasound visualization system. Persons of ordinary skill in the art know how to construct and implement a linear array ultrasound system. Accordingly, further details of the linear ultrasound system need not be provided herein. One example of a linear ultrasound system is provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0189972, which describes a linear ultrasound array that has been known and used commercially for several years, e.g., as exemplified by the AcuNav™ system of Siemens AG of Munich, Germany.

With other embodiments of the catheter 12, alternative apparatus for visualizing the tissue of the patient may be used. For example, insertion of the catheter 12 into tissue of a patient may be guided visually (e.g., hysteroscopically, laparoscopically, or by direct vision) or by fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc. In yet another alternative embodiment, the catheter 12 and deflecting mechanism 124 may be piggybacked onto a commercially-available linear array catheter or probe to avoid unnecessary design and manufacturing cost of a custom-made probe 120. In circumstances where ultrasound imaging is used, it is also advantageous to provide a coupling gel or fluid that fills any space between the ultrasound transducer array and the tissue being imaged. Thus, the probe 120 may include one or more channels to convey such coupling gel or fluid to the interface between the ultrasound transducer 122 and the tissue 72 being imaged. Alternatively, the site of this interface may be immersed in coupling fluid or if the site of the interface is inside a body cavity, the cavity may be filled with coupling fluid, e.g., as described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/831,048, filed Jul. 31, 2007, and incorporated by reference herein.

Once the catheter 12 has advanced through the tissue of the patient and is positioned within the tissue 72 to be treated, as shown in FIG. 8C, the insulating sleeve 20 of the catheter 12 is retracted as previously described, thus exposing a portion 24 of the RF electrode between the conductive tip 18 and the insulating sleeve 20. In the second mode of operation shown in FIG. 8C, RF non-sparking energy is conducted by the RF electrode 14 through the tissue 72 of the patient. This RF energy is capable of heating the tissue 72 surrounding the RF electrode for necrotization of the tissue without producing sparks. During the process of heating the tissue 72 to be treated, the visualization apparatus 122 may be configured to detect treatment-induced changes in the heated tissue 72 to track the progression of treatment of the tissue. For example, bubbles or vacuoles may be induced in the tissue 72 as a result of the destructive heating of the tissue. The presence of the bubbles or vacuoles is detected by the visualization apparatus 122 and may be used as a surrogate for tracking the coagulation and/or destruction of the unwanted tissue.

Alternative modes of tracking the progress of treatment of the tissue 72 may rely on detection of tissue temperature. For example, a temperature sensor may be used to detect the temperature of the tissue being treated. The temperature sensor (or sensors) may be mounted on the catheter 12 itself or alternatively on a needle probe that can be extended from the catheter 12 into the surrounding tissue. Yet other alternatives for monitoring the progress of the treatment may rely on temperature sensing MRI scans, blood flow reports via doppler ultrasound, tissue echogenicity via B-mode ultrasound, tissue elasticity via elastography, or acoustic radiation force impulse imaging; RF impedance of the surrounding tissue; and/or monitoring of cavitation via passive or active acoustic detectors.

In addition, the visualization apparatus 122 may be operable to visualize the tissue surrounding the RF electrode 14 to assist in determining the desired portion 24 of the RF electrode to be exposed when conducting the second (treating) mode of operation of the catheter 12. Further depicted in FIG. 9 is an implementation where the insulating sleeve 20 is retracted from the tip 18, but not as far as depicted in FIG. 8C. With a smaller portion of the RF electrode 14 exposed to the tissue 72, the catheter 12 delivers RF energy to a smaller volume of surrounding tissue. Accordingly, by adjustably retracting the insulating sleeve 20 to a desired position, the volume of tissue 72 to be treated by the RF electrode 14 can be controlled. Through visualization of the surrounding tissue, the desired portion of the RF electrode to be exposed may be determined.

Visualization of the tissue being treated may further be used to help guide the therapy being provided to the patient. Different treatment regimens may be prescribed to adjust to different tissue characteristics observed by the visualization apparatus.

After subjecting the tissue 72 to treatment in the second mode of operation, the catheter 12 may be withdrawn from the treated tissue. Prior to fully withdrawing the catheter 12 from the treated tissue, it may be desirable to seal the tunnel in the tissue 72. One effect of this seal is to prevent the flow of fluids, such as a chemical adjuvant or debriding agent, out of the tunnel. In this circumstance, the catheter 12 may be operated to again deliver RF energy via the conductive tip 18. The RF energy is used to precipitate shrinkage of the patient's tissue and/or produce an area of coagulation at the exit of the tunnel, thus sealing the tunnel in the tissue. By depositing thermal energy at the exit of the tunnel, clotting factors in adjacent blood may plug the hole. Moreover, platelets tend to deposit themselves in a zone of damage such as thermal necrosis.

In yet another embodiment, after concluding treatment of the target tissue, the catheter 12 may apply a negative pressure to the tunnel in the tissue. The suction resulting from this negative pressure causes the tunnel to collapse and the tissue walls of the tunnel to pull together forming a seal. If desired, the exit of the tunnel could be “welded” shut by applying RF heating energy to the tissue at the exit, as described above. Again, this seal may prevent fluids deposited in the treated tissue from escaping out of the tunnel. The conveyance mechanism 62 shown in FIG. 1 may comprise a pump that could be used in conjunction with a lumen and port on the outside of the catheter 12 to provide the suction pressure to the tunnel in the tissue.

While illustrative embodiments have been depicted and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, rather than using an ultrasound probe 120, the catheter 12 may initially be transported through the patient using an endoscope, laparoscope, or other transport mechanism to a position near the tissue to be treated. Such transport mechanisms are known in the art and can be guided in two or three dimensions to reach a desired position in the patient.

The catheter 12 could also be launched from a commercially-available needle guide, such as the type used for delivering a biopsy needle. The needle guide may be mechanically attached to or integrated with a probe having visualization apparatus that images the target tissue. These images may help point the needle guide in the proper direction toward the target tissue so that the catheter 12, when launched from the needle guide, is able to directly tunnel through the patient's tissue into the target tissue to be treated.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,829, incorporated herein by reference, describes an ultrasound probe and needle guide that could be adapted to launch a catheter 12 as described herein. In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, a probe 130 includes an elongated body 132 attached to a handle 134. A guide 136 is detachably mounted to the probe 130. When the guide 136 is mounted on the probe 130 as shown, a tongue 138 extending from a proximal end of the guide 136 fits into a corresponding groove 140 defined in the probe 130. A securing mechanism 142 toward a distal end of the guide 136 secures the guide 136 to the body 132, e.g., by a snap fit detent mechanism or other means of securing.

The guide 136 has a hollow core that permits the catheter 12 to extend therethrough. As with previous embodiments described herein, the catheter 12 has a tip 18 that conducts RF energy and a retractable sleeve 20. The catheter 12 may further have a handle 26, as well as first and second tubes 52, 58 for conveying fluids as previously described. An electrical lead 144 connects the catheter 12 to a source of RF energy. For ease of illustration, a break 146 is depicted in FIG. 10 to indicate that the full length of the catheter 12 is not necessarily depicted.

Once mounted, the guide 136 has an axis 148 aligned parallel to a central axis 150 of the probe body 132. The probe 130 is fitted with visualization apparatus 152, which may be, for example, an optical device or an ultrasound transducer assembly as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,829, which has a forward-looking field of view in the direction that the guide 136 launches the catheter 12. Instead of launching a biopsy needle as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,829, the guide 136 shown in FIG. 10 directs the catheter 12 toward the target tissue to be treated, guided by one or more images obtained by the visualization apparatus 152. In a first mode of operation, the catheter 12 is advanced through the tissue in the patient by conducting RF sparking energy to the tip 18 and applying forward pressure to the catheter 12. Once the catheter 12 is positioned within the target tissue to be treated, the RF sparking energy is terminated, the sleeve 20 is retracted, and RF heating energy is applied to the tissue, resulting in necrotization of the target tissue. The RF heating energy is then terminated and the catheter 12 is withdrawn from the patient.

As an alternative to, or in addition to, the treatment of the tissue with lower power RF energy from the RF electrode, a second treatment apparatus can be used to treat the tissue. As shown in FIG. 11A, an RF electrode having a conductive tip 18 is advanced into an area of the patient's tissue 72 via the application of RF energy. Also placed in the tissue treatment area is a linear array of ultrasound transducers 150. Each of the transducers 150 is connected by a wire (not shown) to an ultrasound signal generator (also not shown) to allow the transducers to be activated either together or individually to deliver therapeutic ultrasonic energy to treat the tissue 72. With a linear ultrasound array, ultrasound energy is generally directed outward away from the face of the transducers 150. Therefore the transducers can be rotated around the longitudinal axis of the array in order to treat a cylindrical volume of tissue. In addition to applying therapeutic levels of ultrasonic energy, the ultrasound transducers can also be used to produce images of the tissue 72.

The linear array of ultrasound transducers 150 may be secured to the elongated body 16 of the RF electrode that supports the conductive tip 18. Alternatively, the transducers 150 can be mounted on a separate catheter that fits in the space between the elongated body 16 and the surrounding insulating sleeve 20. Examples of a linear array of ultrasound transducers can be found in U.S. Published Patent App. No. US 2007/0239062 A1, which is herein incorporated by reference.

During use, the RF electrode creates a tunnel into the tissue 72 to be treated. The insulating sleeve 20 can then be retracted to expose the linear array of ultrasound transducers 150 that are then activated to treat the tissue.

In another embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11B, an RF electrode with a conductive tip 18 includes an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers 154. Each of the cylindrical transducers 154 is connected by a wire (not shown) to an ultrasound signal generator (also not shown) so that the transducers can be activated either together or separately to apply therapeutic ultrasonic energy to the tissue 72. With the cylindrical transducers, energy is emitted at 360 degrees around the transducers to apply the energy to a cylindrical volume of tissue 72. Examples of cylindrical ultrasound transducers can be found FIG. 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,499 and FIGS. 12A, 12B of U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,356 and in U.S. Published Patent Application No. US 2007/0255267 A1, which are herein incorporated by reference.

The array of cylindrical transducers 154 is exposed by retracting the insulating sleeve 20 such that the tissue 72 can be treated.

FIG. 11C illustrates another embodiment, whereby a spherical ultrasound transducer 156 is mounted on the shaft of the RF electrode. The diameter of the spherical ultrasound transducer 156 is selected such that it can fit within the insulating sleeve 20. Upon the creation of a tunnel in the tissue 72, the insulating sleeve 20 can be retracted proximally from the distal tip 18 to expose the transducer 156. The spherical ultrasound transducer 156 can then be activated to apply therapeutic ultrasonic energy to the tissue 72. One example of a suitable spherical ultrasound transducer 156 is model 6829 available from the EDO Corporation.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11D, the RF electrode has a conductive tip 18 that is supported at the distal end of a hollow catheter with a shaft 160 having a number of holes or ports 162. The ports allow the delivery or removal of liquids, gasses or debris from the treatment area. After using the RF electrode 14 to create a tunnel into the area of tissue 72 to be treated, the insulating sleeve 20 is retracted to expose the ports 162. A syringe, pump, auger or other mechanism (not shown) at the proximal end of the hollow shaft 160 is used to either deliver liquids or gasses to the treatment area or to withdraw liquids/gasses/debris from the treatment area. For example, the hollow shaft 160 may be used to deliver cryogenic fluids (liquid nitrogen etc.) or super heated liquids/gasses (e.g. steam) to treat the tissue area.

FIG. 11E illustrates an embodiment where an RF electrode having a conductive tip 18 is advanced into a treatment area. Also placed in the treatment area is a microwave catheter 170 that is either secured to the RF electrode itself or is advanced over the shaft of the RF electrode and under the insulating sleeve 20. In one embodiment, the microwave catheter 170 includes an inner conductor 172 and a coaxial outer conductor 174 that are separated by a dielectric material. The inner conductor extends beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form a microwave antenna. Examples of suitable microwave catheters can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,160,292 B2 and 7,128,739 B2, which are herein incorporated by reference. To reduce heating of the catheter, the dielectric material may be porous or have channels therein through which a cooling liquid such as deionized water can be passed.

The microwave catheter 170 is connected to a source of microwave energy that is selectively delivered in the tissue treatment area. In the example shown, the insulating sleeve 20 is shown as having been retracted to expose the antenna of the microwave catheter 170. However, it is also possible to apply microwave energy through the insulating sleeve 20 in order to treat the tissue 72.

In some embodiments it may be desirable to deliver the second treatment apparatus to the treatment area by fully retracting the RF electrode but leaving the insulating sleeve in the body. The insulating sleeve therefore can act as a guide catheter to guide the second treatment apparatus to the desired treatment area. FIG. 12A illustrates an example where the RF electrode 14 is being retracted from the insulating sleeve 20 that is left in place in the body. As will be appreciated, the conductive tip 18 should have a diameter that allows it to be pulled through the insulating sleeve. Alternatively, the insulating sleeve should be made of a material that allows it to stretch over the conductive tip 18 of the RF electrode 14.

Once the RF electrode 14 is fully retracted from the insulating sleeve, other treatment apparatus can be routed through the insulating sleeve 20 and into the area of the tissue 72 to be treated. In the example shown in FIG. 12B, a linear array of ultrasound transducers 180 is advanced through the insulating sleeve 20. Upon arrival into the area of the tissue 72 to be treated, the ultrasound transducers 180 can be activated to further treat and/or image the tissue 72.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12C an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers 182 is advance through the insulating sleeve 20. Upon arrival into the area of the tissue 72 to be treated, the cylindrical ultrasound transducers can be activated to treat the tissue 72.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12D, a spherical ultrasound transducer 186 is routed though the insulating sleeve 20 to the site of the tissue 72 to be treated. Once in place in the area of the tissue, the spherical ultrasound transducer 186 can be activated to further treat the tissue 72.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12E, a liquid delivery catheter 190 having a number of ports at the distal end thereof is advanced though the insulating sleeve 20 and into the area of tissue 72 to be treated. Once in place, liquids, gasses etc. can be delivered or withdrawn from the area of the tissue 72 with the liquid delivery catheter 190 during the treatment process.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12F, a microwave catheter 192 is advanced through the insulating sleeve 20 to the area of the tissue 72 to be treated. Once in place, the microwave catheter 192 emits microwave energy into the tissue 72 to further treat the tissue.

FIG. 12G illustrates an embodiment were the insulating sleeve 20 is withdrawn from the tissue 72 to be treated thereby leaving the second treatment apparatus device in place. In the example shown, the insulating sleeve 20 is withdrawn over the linear array of ultrasound transducers 180.

Yet another example of a second treatment apparatus that can be placed in the area of the tissue to be treated is an expandable RF loop (not shown) that is connected to a source of RF energy. Application of RF energy to the RF loop, expansion of the loop into the tissue and revolution of the loop about its axis can allow volumetric necrosis and/or dissection within the area of tissue 72. Such a treatment apparatus could be used with or without morcellation and evacuation of the necrosed tissue.

In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to place a guide wire into the insulating sleeve 20 after removal of the RF electrode 14 and prior to the insertion of the second treatment apparatus. The second treatment apparatus may be adapted to track over the guide wire to aid its placement in the treatment area.

In other embodiments, the shaft of the RF electrode itself can be used as a guide wire to guide a second treatment apparatus to a treatment area. FIG. 13A illustrates an embodiment where the insulating sleeve 20 is retracted leaving the RF electrode 14 in place within the tissue 72. The shaft of the RF electrode is able to act as a guide wire for other treatment apparatus. FIG. 13B shows a catheter 180 with a linear array of ultrasound transducers that are advanced over the shaft of the RF electrode to the site of the tissue 72 to be treated. The catheter 180 may incorporate a sleeve 181 that fits over the shaft of the RF electrode 14 to allow the catheter to track along the length of the RF electrode. FIG. 13C illustrates a catheter 182 that supports an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers that is routed over the shaft of the RF electrode 14. The catheter 182 may include a sleeve 183 mounted thereto that receives the shaft of the RF electrode 14 so that the catheter 182 tracks along the length of the shaft as the catheter is advanced or withdrawn.

FIG. 13D illustrates a catheter 186 that supports a spherical ultrasound transducer. The catheter 186 may include a sleeve 187 that receives the shaft of the RF electrode 14 so that the catheter tracks along the length of the shaft as the catheter is advanced or withdrawn. Similarly, FIG. 13E illustrates a liquid delivery/removal catheter 190 with a sleeve 191 secured thereto. The sleeve 191 is fitted over the shaft of the RF electrode 14 and allows the liquid delivery/removal catheter 190 to track along the length of the shaft as the catheter is advanced or withdrawn.

FIG. 13F illustrates a microwave catheter 192 that is routed over the shaft of the RF electrode 14. The microwave catheter 192 includes a sleeve 193 that receives the shaft of the RF electrode 14 to allow the microwave catheter 192 to track along the length of the shaft as the microwave catheter is advanced or withdrawn.

In some environments, the tunnel or lumen created in the tissue by the RF electrode 14 is sufficient to allow the second treatment apparatus to be routed through the tunnel and into the area of tissue 72 to be treated. FIG. 14A illustrates an RF electrode 14 with a conductive tip 18 and an insulating sleeve 20 that is retracted from an area of tissue 72 to be treated. The RF electrode 14 has created a tunnel or lumen 200 in the tissue that can be used to guide a second treatment apparatus to the tissue 72. FIG. 14B illustrates the catheter 180 that supports a linear array of ultrasound transducers that is routed through the tunnel 200 to the tissue 72. FIG. 14C illustrates the catheter 182 that supports an array of cylindrical ultrasound transducers that is routed through the tunnel 200 to the area of the tissue 72. FIG. 14D illustrates the catheter 186 that supports a spherical ultrasound transducer that is routed through the tunnel 200 to the area of the tissue 72. FIG. 14E illustrates the liquid delivery/removal catheter 190 that is routed through the tunnel 200 to the area of the tissue 72 and FIG. 14F illustrates a microwave catheter 192 that is routed through the tunnel 200 to the area of the tissue 72 to be treated. In each of the examples shown in FIGS. 14A-14F, the walls of the tunnel 200 guide the second treatment apparatus to the area of tissue 72 to be treated. In some embodiments, the catheters of the second treatment apparatus may include pull wires or other steering mechanisms and/or visualization capabilities such as a fiber optic illumination and imaging bundles to aid in routing the devices through the tunnel.

As previously noted, various embodiments have been depicted and described herein. While these embodiments achieve a variety of benefits, patent protection obtained herewith should not be limited to the precise forms shown, but should be determined from the claims that follow and equivalents thereto. 

1. A system for inserting treatment apparatus into tissue of a patient, comprising: a first treatment apparatus including a radio frequency (RF) electrode having an elongated body and a conductive tip at a distal end of the elongated body, wherein the elongated body is configured to conduct electrical RF energy to the conductive tip; an insulating sleeve surrounding the elongated body of the RF electrode; and a second treatment apparatus for treating the tissue, wherein, in a first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter into the tissue of the patient, the conductive tip of the RF electrode is configured to deliver, via the conductive tip, RF energy that erodes the tissue of the patient and generates a tunnel through which the catheter can advance into the tissue of the patient, and wherein, in a second mode of operation for treatment of the tissue in the patient, one of the insulating sleeve or the RF electrode is retracted and the second treatment apparatus is configured to treat the tissue of the patient.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the insulating sleeve is retracted from the distal tip of the RF electrode to expose the tissue of the patient to the second treatment apparatus.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises a linear array of ultrasound transducers configured to rotate about a longitudinal axis of the second treatment apparatus and emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the linear array is further configured to emit and receive ultrasound energy for imaging the tissue of the patient.
 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises one or more cylindrical ultrasound transducers configured to emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 6. The system of claim 2, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises a spherical ultrasound transducer configured to emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 7. The system of claim 2, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid delivery catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the fluid delivery catheter is configured to deliver a hyperthermic fluid to the tissue of the patient for treatment.
 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the fluid delivery catheter is configured to deliver a hypothermic fluid to the tissue of the patient for treatment.
 10. The system of claim 2, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a microwave catheter that is configured to deliver microwave energy to the tissue of the patient.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the microwave catheter comprises an inner conductor in coaxial arrangement with an outer conductor and a dielectric material disposed therebetween, the inner conductor extending beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form a microwave antenna, and wherein the dielectric material includes one or more channels for the passage of a deionized fluid to cool the microwave catheter.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the RF electrode is retracted from the insulating sleeve to allow the second treatment apparatus to be advanced through the insulating sleeve.
 13. The catheter of claim 12, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises a linear array of ultrasound transducers configured to rotate about a longitudinal axis of the second treatment apparatus and emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the linear array of ultrasound transducers is further configured to emit and receive ultrasound energy for imaging the tissue of the patient.
 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises one or more cylindrical ultrasound transducers configured to emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 16. The system of claim 12, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises a spherical ultrasound transducer configured to emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 17. The system of claim 12, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the fluid catheter is configured to deliver a hyperthermic fluid to the tissue of the patient for treatment.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the fluid catheter is configured to deliver a hypothermic fluid to the tissue of the patient for treatment.
 20. The system of claim 12, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a microwave catheter configured to deliver microwave energy to the tissue of the patient.
 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the microwave catheter comprises an inner conductor in coaxial arrangement with an outer conductor and a dielectric material disposed therebetween, the inner conductor extending beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form a microwave antenna, and wherein the dielectric material includes one or more passages for the passage of a deionized fluid that cools the microwave catheter.
 22. A method for inserting treatment apparatus into tissue of a patient, comprising: positioning a catheter with respect to tissue of the patient, wherein the catheter includes: a radio frequency (RF) electrode having an elongated body and a conductive tip at a distal end of the elongated body, wherein the elongated body is configured to conduct electrical RF energy to the conductive tip; an insulating sleeve surrounding the elongated body of the RF electrode; and a second treatment apparatus; delivering RF energy to the conductive tip in a first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter into the tissue of the patient, wherein the RF energy erodes the tissue of the patient and generates a tunnel through which the catheter advances into the tissue of the patient, and retracting one of the RF electrode or the insulating sleeve and treating the tissue with the second treatment apparatus while in a second mode of operation.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein retracting one or the RF electrode or the insulating sleeve comprises retracting the insulating sleeve to expose the tissue to the second treatment apparatus.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the tissue is treated in the second mode of operation by emitting ultrasound energy from one or more ultrasound transducers in the second treatment apparatus.
 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising imaging the tissue of the patient using the one or more ultrasound transducers in the second treatment apparatus.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter, the method further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by delivering a hyperthermic fluid via the fluid catheter to the tissue of the patient.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter, the method further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by delivering a hypothermic fluid via the fluid catheter to the tissue of the patient.
 28. The method of claim 23, further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by emitting microwave energy from a microwave antenna positioned at a distal end of the second treatment apparatus.
 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising cooling the microwave antenna by supplying a deionized fluid that fills a space between an inner conductor in coaxial arrangement with an outer conductor, the inner conductor extending beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form the microwave antenna.
 30. The method of claim 21, wherein retracting one of the RF electrode or the insulating sleeve comprises retracting the RF electrode to allow the second treatment apparatus to be advanced through the insulating sleeve.
 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising treating the tissue of the patient in the second mode of operation by emitting ultrasound energy from one or more ultrasound transducers in the second treatment apparatus.
 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising imaging the tissue of the patient using the one or more ultrasound transducers in the second treatment apparatus.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter, the method further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by delivering a hyperthermic fluid via the fluid catheter to the tissue of the patient.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter, the method further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by delivering a hypothermic fluid via the fluid catheter to the tissue of the patient.
 35. The method of claim 30, further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by emitting microwave energy from a microwave antenna positioned at a distal end of the second treatment apparatus.
 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising cooling the microwave antenna by supplying a deionized fluid that fills a space between an inner conductor in coaxial arrangement with an outer conductor, the inner conductor extending beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form the microwave antenna.
 37. A system for inserting treatment apparatus into tissue of a patient, comprising: a radio frequency (RF) electrode having an elongated body and a conductive tip at a distal end of the elongated body, wherein the elongated body is configured to conduct electrical RF energy to the conductive tip; and an insulating sleeve surrounding the elongated body of the RF electrode, wherein, in a first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter into the tissue of the patient, the conductive tip of the RF electrode is exposed outside the insulating sleeve and the RF electrode is configured to deliver, via the conductive tip, RF energy that erodes the tissue of the patient and generates a tunnel through which the catheter can advance into the tissue of the patient, and wherein, in a second mode of operation for treatment of the tissue in the patient, the insulating sleeve is configured to be withdrawn, leaving the RF electrode in the tunnel, and a second treatment apparatus is configured to be inserted through the tunnel into the patient using the elongated body of the RF electrode as a guidewire.
 38. The system of claim 37, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises a linear array of ultrasound transducers configured to rotate about a longitudinal axis of the second treatment apparatus and emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the linear array is further configured to emit and receive ultrasound energy for imaging the tissue of the patient.
 40. The system of claim 37, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises one or more cylindrical ultrasound transducers configured to emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 41. The system of claim 37, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises a spherical ultrasound transducer configured to emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 42. The system of claim 37, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter that is configured to deliver a hyperthermic fluid to the tissue of the patient for treatment.
 43. The system of claim 37, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter that is configured to deliver a hypothermic fluid to the tissue of the patient for treatment.
 44. The catheter of claim 37, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a microwave catheter that is configured to deliver microwave energy the tissue of the patient.
 45. The catheter of claim 44, wherein the microwave catheter comprises an inner conductor in coaxial arrangement with an outer conductor and a dielectric material disposed therebetween, the inner conductor extending beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form a microwave antenna, and one or more channels in the dielectric material for the passage of a deionized fluid that cools the microwave catheter.
 46. A method for inserting treatment apparatus into tissue of a patient, comprising: positioning a catheter with respect to tissue of the patient, wherein the catheter includes: a radio frequency (RF) electrode having an elongated body and a conductive tip at a distal end of the elongated body, wherein the elongated body is configured to conduct electrical RF energy to the conductive tip; and an insulating sleeve surrounding the elongated body of the RF electrode; delivering RF energy to the conductive tip in a first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter into the tissue of the patient, wherein the RF energy erodes the tissue of the patient and generates a tunnel through which the catheter advances into the tissue of the patient, and while in a second mode of operation for treatment of the tissue in the patient, withdrawing the insulating sleeve, leaving the RF electrode in the tunnel, and inserting a second treatment apparatus through the tunnel into the patient using the elongated body of the RF electrode as a guidewire.
 47. The method of claim 46, further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by emitting ultrasound energy from one or more ultrasound transducers in the second treatment apparatus.
 48. The method of claim 46, further comprising imaging the tissue of the patient using the one or more ultrasound transducers in the second treatment apparatus.
 49. The method of claim 46, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter, the method further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by delivering a hyperthermic fluid via the fluid catheter to the tissue of the patient.
 50. The method of claim 46, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter, the method further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by delivering a hypothermic fluid via the fluid catheter to the tissue of the patient.
 51. The method of claim 46, further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by emitting microwave energy from a microwave antenna positioned at a distal end of the second treatment apparatus.
 52. The method of claim 51, further comprising cooling the microwave antenna by supplying a deionized fluid that fills a space between an inner conductor in coaxial arrangement with an outer conductor, the inner conductor extending beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form the microwave antenna.
 53. A catheter for inserting treatment apparatus into tissue of a patient, comprising: a radio frequency (RF) electrode having an elongated body and a conductive tip at a distal end of the elongated body, wherein the elongated body is configured to conduct electrical RF energy to the conductive tip; and an insulating sleeve surrounding the elongated body of the RF electrode, wherein, in a first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter into the tissue of the patient, the conductive tip of the RF electrode is exposed outside the insulating sleeve and the RF electrode is configured to deliver, via the conductive tip, RF energy that erodes the tissue of the patient and generates a tunnel through which the catheter can advance into the tissue of the patient, and wherein, in a second mode of operation for treatment of the tissue in the patient, the insulating sleeve and RF electrode are configured to be withdrawn from the patient, leaving the tunnel generated in the patient, and a second treatment apparatus is configured to be inserted into the tissue of the patient via the tunnel.
 54. The catheter of claim 53, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises a linear array of ultrasound transducers configured to rotate about a longitudinal axis of the second treatment apparatus and emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 55. The catheter of claim 54, wherein the linear array is further configured to emit and receive ultrasound energy for imaging the tissue of the patient.
 56. The catheter of claim 53, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises one or more cylindrical ultrasound transducers configured to emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 57. The catheter of claim 53, wherein the second treatment apparatus comprises a spherical ultrasound transducer configured to emit ultrasound energy for treating the tissue of the patient.
 58. The catheter of claim 53, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter that deliver a hyperthermic fluid to the tissue of the patient for treatment.
 59. The catheter of claim 53, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter that deliver a hypothermic fluid to the tissue of the patient for treatment.
 60. The catheter of claim 53, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a microwave catheter configured to conduct microwave energy to an antenna at a distal end of the microwave catheter for treating the tissue of the patient.
 61. The catheter of claim 60, wherein the microwave catheter comprises an inner conductor in coaxial arrangement with an outer conductor and a dielectric material disposed therebetween, the inner conductor extending beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form the microwave antenna, and wherein the dielectric material includes one or more channels for the passage of a deionized fluid to cool the microwave catheter.
 62. A method for inserting treatment apparatus into tissue of a patient, comprising: positioning a catheter with respect to tissue of the patient, wherein the catheter includes: a radio frequency (RF) electrode having an elongated body and a conductive tip at a distal end of the elongated body, wherein the elongated body is configured to conduct electrical RF energy to the conductive tip; and an insulating sleeve surrounding the elongated body of the RF electrode; delivering RF energy to the conductive tip in a first mode of operation for insertion of the catheter into the tissue of the patient, wherein the RF energy erodes the tissue of the patient and generates a tunnel through which the catheter advances into the tissue of the patient, and while in a second mode of operation for treatment of the tissue in the patient, withdrawing the insulating sleeve and RF electrode from the patient, leaving the tunnel generated in the patient, and inserting a second treatment apparatus through the tunnel into the tissue of the patient.
 63. The method of claim 62, further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by emitting ultrasound energy from one or more ultrasound transducers in the second treatment apparatus.
 64. The method of claim 63, further comprising imaging the tissue of the patient using the one or more ultrasound transducers in the treatment apparatus.
 65. The method of claim 62, wherein the second treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter, the method further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by delivering a hyperthermic fluid via the fluid catheter to the tissue of the patient.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the treatment apparatus includes a fluid catheter with an internal lumen in fluid connection with one or more exit ports in the fluid catheter, the method further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by delivering a hypothermic fluid via the fluid catheter to the tissue of the patient.
 67. The method of claim 62, further comprising treating the tissue of the patient by emitting microwave energy from a microwave antenna positioned at a distal end of the second treatment apparatus.
 68. The method of claim 67, further comprising cooling the microwave antenna by supplying a deionized fluid that fills a space between an inner conductor in coaxial arrangement with an outer conductor, the inner conductor extending beyond the distal end of the outer conductor to form the microwave antenna. 